Forward motion forces air into the intake which is a convergent duct where it is compressed (causing a temperature rise).
Fuel is added and combustion takes place increasing the volume. The expanding gasses accelerate to the atmosphere through the exhaust duct nozzle producing a propulsive jet.
1st segment starts at screen height and finishes at gear retracted.
2nd segment starts when the gear is retracted and finishes when acceleration alt is reached (min. 400ft max 1000ft) speed V2.
3rd segment starts at acceleration alt, minimum 400ft, and finishes when the flaps are retracted.
4th segment starts when the flaps are retracted, MCT is set and finishes at the 1500ft.
TAS will increase.
The track changes constantly.
Yes, the closer the C.G. is to the rear limit, the less tail down force is required, which means less drag which results in less fuel burn.
Those are contrails.
The jet engine exhaust gases consist of carbon dioxide and water vapour.
At high altitudes the wator vapour gets released in a very cold environment. This can cause the air to be saturated with water vapour and then condenses. If cold enough the condense can freeze into white droplets. This forms the contrails.
No because it is warmer, according to ISA temperature should be -55°C
Mcrit
A METAR is an observation of the actual weather given by a meteorological observer at that aerodrome.
Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) is the reduction, from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet, of the standard vertical separation required between aircraft flying between flight level 290 (29,000 ft) and flight level 410 (41,000 ft).