Induced drag and its wing tip vortices are a direct consequence of the creation of lift by the wing.

Since the Coefficient of Lift is large when the Angle of Attack is large, induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the speed whereas all other drag is directly proportional to the square of the speed.

The effect of this is that induced drag is relatively unimportant at high speed in the cruise and descent where it probably represents less than 10% of total drag. In the climb, it is more important representing at least 20% of total drag. At slow speeds just after take off and in the initial climb, it is of maximum importance and may produce as much as 70% of total drag.

Finally, when looking at the potential strength of wing tip vortices, all this theory on induced drag must be moderated by the effect of aircraft weight. Induced drag will always increase with aircraft weight.

Stall speed is defined as the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable.

Advection fog occurs when moist air passes over a cool surface by advection (wind) and is cooled.

It is common as a warm front passes over an area with significant snowpack, but it is most common at sea when tropical air encounters cooler waters, including areas of cold water upwelling, such as along the coast of California.

A line across the surface of the earth that cuts all meridians at the same angle. i.e. a track of constant direction.

A straight line on a Mercator chart.

Crew Resource Management (CRM) is the effective use of all available resources for flight crew personnel to assure a safe and efficient operation, reducing error, avoiding stress and increasing efficiency.

A line of latitude.

35 ft

For Reference:

• 50ft for Class B or A (<15° AoB at take-off or normal landings)

• 35ft for Class A (dry take-off or steep approach)

• 15ft for Class A (wet take-off)

It's the wing area divided by the wing span.

By using the formula: Range (nm) = 1.23(√H1 + √H2)

H1=height of transmitter (feet)

H2=height of receiver (feet)

Vmu is the minimum unstick speed.

It is the calibrated airspeed at and above which the airplane can safely lift off the ground and continue the takeoff. Lift-off is not possible prior to reaching this speed.

Vmu is not an operational speed and is established in flight testing only.